The Farther Reaches of Human Nature

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Fourth Force Pushing the Boundaries of Psychology

Abraham Maslow was a theoretical psychologist. Not only did his ideas and research provide a foundation for humanistic psychology, but positive psychology, and transpersonal psychology as well. He recognized late in his life that Humanistic psychology, the Third Force, was" not enough." What was needed was a Fourth Force pushing the boundaries of psychology into subjects previously solely in the domain of spirituality.

His interest in transpersonal subjects such as awareness, transcendence, peak experience and positive potentiality, were central to his work for decades. In his seminars at Brandeis, Maslow frequently referenced the transcendent state and its religious/mystical quality. He tried out new concepts in these seminars and in his personal journals long before he published or spoke publicly. He considered transcendence to be a major development in his thinking about motivation and human nature He spoke about transcendence in the following way: "It means a way of life and a world view generated not only by the hierarchy of basic needs…., but also by the need for the actualization of one's personal, idiosyncratic potentialities (i.e., identity, Real Self, individuality, uniqueness, self-actualization).

Maslow recognized that some self-actualizers rarely or never had peak experiences while for others these moments were frequent and transformative. He recognized that transcenders were different from " merely healthy people.". They were the new pinnacle of human nature and a model for emulation. Their guiding values were the highest values we recognize-the B-Values He described 25 distinct qualities that separated transcenders from the rest of humanity.

About the Author

Abraham H. Maslow, a psychologist and philosopher best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology, which argued that the primary goal of psychotherapy should be the integration of the self. Maslow studied psychology at the University of Wisconsin and Gestalt psychology at the New School for Social Research in New York City before joining the faculty of Brooklyn College in 1937. In 1951 he became head of the psychology department at Brandeis University (Waltham, Massachusetts), where he remained until 1969.

Influenced by existentialist philosophers and literary figures, Maslow was an important contributor in the United States to humanistic psychology, which is sometimes called the “third force.”

In his major works, Motivation and Personality (1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being (1962), Maslow argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological requirements to love, esteem, and, finally, self-actualization. As each need is satisfied, the next higher level in the emotional hierarchy dominates conscious functioning. Maslow believed that truly healthy people were self-actualizers because they satisfied the highest psychological needs, fully integrating the components of their personality, or self. His papers, published posthumously, were issued in 1971 as The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.

Author
Author	Abraham H. Maslow, a psychologist and philosopher best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology, which argued that the primary goal of psychotherapy should be the integration of the self. Maslow studied psychology at the University of Wisconsin and Gestalt psychology at the New School for Social Research in New York City before joining the faculty of Brooklyn College in 1937. In 1951 he became head of the psychology department at Brandeis University (Waltham, Massachusetts), where he remained until 1969. Influenced by existentialist philosophers and literary figures, Maslow was an important contributor in the United States to humanistic psychology, which is sometimes called the “third force.” In his major works, Motivation and Personality (1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being (1962), Maslow argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological requirements to love, esteem, and, finally, self-actualization. As each need is satisfied, the next higher level in the emotional hierarchy dominates conscious functioning. Maslow believed that truly healthy people were self-actualizers because they satisfied the highest psychological needs, fully integrating the components of their personality, or self. His papers, published posthumously, were issued in 1971 as The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.

Author

Author

Abraham H. Maslow, a psychologist and philosopher best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology, which argued that the primary goal of psychotherapy should be the integration of the self. Maslow studied psychology at the University of Wisconsin and Gestalt psychology at the New School for Social Research in New York City before joining the faculty of Brooklyn College in 1937. In 1951 he became head of the psychology department at Brandeis University (Waltham, Massachusetts), where he remained until 1969. Influenced by existentialist philosophers and literary figures, Maslow was an important contributor in the United States to humanistic psychology, which is sometimes called the “third force.” In his major works, Motivation and Personality (1954) and Toward a Psychology of Being (1962), Maslow argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological requirements to love, esteem, and, finally, self-actualization. As each need is satisfied, the next higher level in the emotional hierarchy dominates conscious functioning. Maslow believed that truly healthy people were self-actualizers because they satisfied the highest psychological needs, fully integrating the components of their personality, or self. His papers, published posthumously, were issued in 1971 as The Farther Reaches of Human Nature.

The Farther Reaches of Human Nature

Fourth Force Pushing the Boundaries of Psychology

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